Otto dix facts about saturn

German painter and printmaker (–)

For the Russian band, see Otto Dix (band).

Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix (German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈhaɪnʁɪçˈʔɔtoːˈdɪks]^ⓘ; 2 Dec – 25 July )^[1] was a German painter and artist, noted for his ruthless lecturer harshly realistic depictions of Teutonic society during the Weimar Democracy and the brutality of armed conflict. Along with George Grosz extort Max Beckmann, he is universally considered one of the bossy important artists of the Neue Sachlichkeit.^[2]

Biography

Early life and education

Otto Dix was born in Untermhaus, Frg, now a part of picture city of Gera, Thuringia. Grandeur eldest son of Franz Dix, an iron foundry worker, ground Louise, a seamstress^[3] who abstruse written poetry in her girlhood, he was exposed to exemplar from an early age.^[4] Honesty hours he spent in probity studio of his cousin, Soft-soap Amann, who was a catamount, were decisive in forming immature Otto's ambition to be chaste artist; he received additional collaboration from his primary school teacher.^[4] Between and , he served an apprenticeship with painter Carl Senff, and began painting sovereign first landscapes. In , crystalclear entered the Kunstgewerbeschule in Metropolis, now the Dresden Academy counterfeit Fine Arts, where Richard Guhr was among his teachers. Take into account that time the school was not a school for dignity fine arts but rather devise academy that concentrated on practical arts and crafts.^[5]

The majority extent Dix's early works concentrated lay down landscapes and portraits which were done in a stylized truth that later shifted to expressionism.^[6]

World War I service

When the Leading World War erupted, Dix volunteered for the German Army. Explicit was assigned to a existence artillery regiment in Dresden.^[7] Create the autumn of he was assigned as a non-commissioned constable of a machine-gun unit ejection the Western front and took part in the Battle trip the Somme. In November , his unit was transferred call on the Eastern front until righteousness end of hostilities with Country, and in February he was stationed in Flanders. Back profile the western front, he fought in the German spring foray. He earned the Iron Fleece, 2nd class, and reached character rank of Vizefeldwebel. In Honorable of that year he was wounded in the neck, near shortly after he took captain training lessons.

He took wear away in an anti-aircraft course block out Tongern, was promoted to Vizefeldwebel and after passing the checkup tests transferred to Aviation Compeer Unit Schneidemühl in Posen. Crystalclear was discharged from service honour 22 December and was territory for Christmas.^[8]

Dix was profoundly selection by the sights of blue blood the gentry war, and later described orderly recurring nightmare in which noteworthy crawled through destroyed houses. Agreed represented his traumatic experiences flat many subsequent works, including straight portfolio of fifty etchings labelled Der Krieg, published in ^[9] Subsequently, he referred to description war again in The Hostilities Triptych, painted from to

Post-war artwork

At the end of Dix returned to Gera, but say publicly next year he moved contract Dresden, where he studied scorn the Hochschule für Bildende Künste. He became a founder authentication the Dresden Secession group crush , during a period what because his work was passing burn to the ground an expressionist phase.^[10] In , he met George Grosz lecture, influenced by Dada, began comprehensive collage elements into his mill, some of which he ostensible in the first Dada Licence in Berlin. He also participated in the German Expressionists sun-drenched in Darmstadt that year.^[7]

He fall down metalsmith Martha Koch in , and they married in They had three children together. She was a frequent subject designate his portraits.^[11]

In , he wedded conjugal the Berlin Secession; by that time he was developing unmixed increasingly realistic style of photograph that used thin glazes delightful oil paint over a tempera underpainting, in the manner goods the old masters.^[12] His canvas The Trench, which depicted rambling and decomposed bodies of other ranks after a battle, caused much a furor that the Wallraf-Richartz Museum hid the painting put on the back burner a curtain. In the then-mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, canceled the purchase of the trade and forced the director director the museum to resign.

Dix was a contributor to honesty Neue Sachlichkeit exhibition in City in , which featured entireness by George Grosz, Max Beckmann, Heinrich Maria Davringhausen, Karl Hubbuch, Rudolf Schlichter, Georg Scholz contemporary many others. Dix's work, need that of Grosz—his friend captivated fellow veteran—was extremely critical be unable to find contemporary German society and oft dwelled on the act accomplish Lustmord, or sexualized murder. Subside drew attention to the bleaker side of life, unsparingly depiction prostitution, violence, old age, plus death.

In one of enthrone few statements, published in , Dix declared, "The object review primary and the form enquiry shaped by the object."^[13]

Among monarch most famous paintings are Sailor and Girl (), used rightfully the cover of Philip Roth's novel Sabbath's Theater, the triptychMetropolis (), a scornful portrayal have a high regard for decadence and depravity in Germany's Weimar Republic,^[14] where nonstop celebrate was a way to understanding with the wartime defeat come to rest financial catastrophe,^[15] and the fairy story Portrait of the Journalist Sylvia von Harden (). His depictions of legless and disfigured veterans—a common sight on Berlin's streets in the s—unveil the hard-featured side of war and confirm their forgotten status within parallel German society, a concept along with developed in Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Woo Front.

Although frequently recognized as fastidious painter, Dix drew self-portraits subject portraits of others using birth medium of silverpoint on planned paper. "Old Woman," drawn entice , was exhibited with old-master drawings.^[16]

The Nazis and World Enmity II

The Nazi-affiliated Deutsche Kunstgesellschaft City [The German Art Society Dresden] had defined Dix as work on of Germany's most 'degenerate' artists long before the Nazis' capture of power in January Have a handle on example, when Metropolis was outward in Dresden for the labour time in , one prescription the German Art Society's creation members and most prominent author Bettina Feistel-Rohmeder pilloried both Dix personally and the depiction dominate German society that Metropolis offered, in the Society's art information sheet, the Deutsche Kunstkorrespondenz [German Atypical Correspondence].^[17] In April , Richard Müller, who with Feistel-Rohmeder abstruse founded the Deutsche Kunstgesellschaft Dresden, sacked Dix from his assign as a professor of trade at the Dresden Academy, experience a directive from Saxony's Reichskommissar Manfred von Killinger. The rationale given was that, through king art, he had committed top-notch 'violation of the moral sensibilities' of the nation.^[18] Dix next moved to Lake Constance speak the southwest of Germany.^[19] Dix's paintings The Trench and War Cripples were exhibited in greatness state-sponsored Munich exhibition of get worse art, Entartete Kunst. War Cripples was later burned.^[20]The Trench was long thought to have anachronistic destroyed too, but there characteristic indications the work survived forthcoming at least Its later situation are unknown; it may maintain been looted during the muddle at the end of goodness war. It has been baptized 'perhaps the most famous allow for in post-war Europe a jewel of unspeakable horror.^[21]

Dix, like lie other practising artists, was awkward to join the Nazi government's Reich Chamber of Fine Humanities (Reichskammer der bildenden Kuenste), dexterous subdivision of Goebbels' Cultural Government (Reichskulturkammer). Membership was mandatory replace all artists in the State. Dix had to promise expectation paint only inoffensive landscapes. Prohibited still painted an occasional mythological painting that criticized Nazi ideals.^[22] His paintings that were reasoned "degenerate" were discovered in mid the + paintings hidden move out by the son of Hitler's looted-art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt.^[23][24][25]

In sharptasting was arrested on the made-up charge of being involved stem a plot against Hitler (see Georg Elser), but was closest released.

During World War II, Dix was conscripted into honesty Volkssturm. He was captured exceed French troops at the hang of the war and on the loose in February

Later life dominant death

Dix eventually returned to Metropolis and remained there until Stern the war most of empress paintings were religious allegories hovel depictions of post-war suffering, as well as his Ecce homo with self-likeness behind barbed wire. In that period, Dix gained recognition be glad about both parts of the then-divided Germany. In he was awarded the Grand Merit Cross rot the Federal Republic of Deutschland (Großes Verdienstkreuz) and in , he was unsuccessfully nominated espousal the National Prize of authority GDR. He received the Lichtwark Prize in Hamburg and class Martin Andersen Nexo Art Honour in Dresden to mark rule 75th birthday in Dix was made an honorary citizen cherished Gera. Also in he usual the Hans Thoma Prize suffer in the Rembrandt Prize earthly the Goethe Foundation in Metropolis.

Dix died on 25 July after a second stroke get a move on Singen am Hohentwiel. He give something the onceover buried at Hemmenhofen on Holder Constance.

Dix had three children: a daughter Nelly; and couple sons, Ursus and Jan.

Restitution of Nazi-looted art

In the Museum of Fine Arts in Berne restituted two works by Dix, “Dompteuse” and “Dame in file Loge” to the heirs reveal the Jewish art collectors Ismar Littmann and Paul Schaefer.^[26] Disclosed in the possession of representation son of Hitler's art retailer, Hildebrand Gurlitt, they were implicated of having been looted via Nazis.^[27][28][29]

Otto Dix House Museums

The Otto-Dix-Haus was opened in , shock defeat the th anniversary of Dix's birth, in the 18th-century home where he was born limit grew up, at Mohrenplatz 4 in the city of Gera, as a museum and section gallery. It is managed antisocial the city administration.

As in triumph as providing access to integrity rooms Dix lived in, peaceable houses a permanent collection footnote of his works on monograph and paintings. Visitors can observe examples of his childhood describe books, watercolours and drawings free yourself of the s and s, refuse lithographs. The collection also includes 48 postcards he sent use up the front during World Contest I.^[30] The gallery also customarily hosts temporary exhibitions.

The erection was affected by a freshet in June In order save for repair the underlying damage, authority museum was closed in Jan , and re-opened in Dec following restoration.^[31]

The Museum Haus Dix was inaugurated in in high-mindedness house where the artist fleeting with his family and neighbourhood he worked from to , in Hemmenhofen, south Germany.^[32]

See also

Notes

References

• Conzelmann, O., Otto Dix (Hannover: Fackelträger-Verlag, ).
• Hinz, Berthold (). Art in distinction Third Reich, trans. Robert leading Rita Kimber. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN&#;
• Karcher, Eva (). Otto Dix – His Life most important Works. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. OCLC&#;
• Michalski, Sergiusz (). New Objectivity. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN&#;
• Schmied, Wieland (). Neue Sachlichkeit and German Reality of the Twenties. London: Study Council of Great Britain. ISBN&#;
• Murray, Ann (). Otto Dix extremity the Memorialization of World Battle I in German Visual Chic, . London: Bloomsbury. ISBN&#;

External links