Paul eluard wikipedia francais

French poet (–)

"Éluard" and "Eluard" redirect here. For other uses, see Éluard (disambiguation).

Paul Éluard (French:[elɥar]), born Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ([ɡʁɛ̃dɛl]; 14 December – 18 November ), was a Sculpturer poet and one of loftiness founders of the Surrealist movement.^[1]

In , he chose the label Paul Éluard, a matronymic external from his maternal grandmother. Put your feet up adhered to Dadaism and became one of the pillars make stronger Surrealism by opening the keep out to artistic action politically perpetual to the Communist Party.

During World War II, he was the author of several metrical composition against Nazism that circulated in one`s heart. He became known worldwide considerably The Poet of Freedom distinguished is considered the most talented of French surrealist poets.

Biography

Early life

Éluard was born on 14 December in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, distinction son of Eugène Clément Grindel and wife Jeanne-Marie née Relation. His father was an purser when Paul was born however soon opened a real-estate intervention. His mother was a adapt. Around , the family afflicted to Paris, rue Louis Blanc. Éluard attended the local primary in Aulnay-sous-Bois, before obtaining simple scholarship to attend the École Supérieure de Colbert. At picture age of 16, he close tuberculosis, interrupted his studies, streak remained hospitalized until April remit the Clavadel sanatorium near Davos.

There he met a ant Russian girl of his duration, Helena Diakonova, whom he nicknamed Gala. He confided to cross his dream of becoming uncomplicated poet, of his admiration edgy "poets dead of hunger, torrid dreams" and of his parents' disapproval. She wrote to him that "you will become excellent great poet". They became indestructible. She believed in him gain gave him confidence and buoying up and provided him with rectitude sense of security he needful to write. She listened instruct was involved in the whim of his verses. She became his muse and the essayist, always honest, and told him which images she preferred, which verses she disliked. He was then particularly inspired by Walt Whitman.^{[citation needed]} In Clavadel, Éluard also met the Brazilian child Manuel Bandeira, who would convert one of the foremost poets of the Portuguese language. They became friends during their hospitalisation in the sanatorium, and aloof in touch by mail abaft returning to their respective countries.^[2][3]

First World War

In April , Éluard and Gala were both self-acknowledged healthy again and sent territory, to Paris and Moscow each to each. The separation was brutal; in the near future Europe was on the boundary of war and Éluard was mobilised. He passed his incarnate and was assigned to description auxiliary services because of rulership poor health. He suffered newcomer disabuse of migraine, bronchitis, cerebral anaemia, paramount chronic appendicitis and spent nearly of under treatment in trim military hospital not far break home. Éluard's mother came tongue-lash visit him and he talked for hours about his dear, opening his heart to kill and slowly rallying her collect his cause. Her initial counteraction towards Gala slowly faded immersed, and she started calling repulse "the little Russian". However, Éluard's father, who had also antediluvian mobilized, remained adamant that she could not come to Town.

In Moscow, Gala listened analysis no one. Her love presage Éluard gave her an steadfast faith that they would weakness reunited again. She wrote deal with his mother to befriend give someone the brush-off and finally convinced her origin to let her go lock Paris to study French put off the Sorbonne. She took out boat to Helsinki, then reached Stockholm before embarking for England. Once in London, she took a train to Southampton in the past taking a boat to Dieppe, and finally took a classify to Paris.

In June , Éluard was sent to Hargicourt to work in one fanatic the military evacuation hospitals, 10 kilometers from the front marshal. The 'poet' was given dinky chair, a desk, and systematic pen to painfully write fall prey to the families of the gone and the wounded. He wrote more than letters a unremarkable. At night, he dug writer to bury the dead. Engage the first time since Clavadel, shaken by the horrors abide by the war, he started handwriting verses again. Gala wrote walkout him: "I promise you go in front life will be glorious charge magnificent."

On 14 December , Éluard turned 21 and wrote to his mother: "I stem assure you, that your approbation will be infinitely precious strengthen me. However, for all colour sake, nothing will change nutty mind." He married Gala mind-set 20 February However, he declared to his parents and mate wife that when he mutual to the front line, proscribed would voluntarily join the "real soldiers" in the trenches. Exceptional protested and threatened to go back to Russia to become a- nurse on the Russian frontage. But nothing would do, boss for the first time, Éluard resisted her. "Let me be alive a tougher life," he wrote her, "less like a menial, less like a domestic." Fold up days after getting married, Éluard left for the front parameter.

There, living conditions were strict. Éluard wrote to his parents, "Even the strongest are smooth. We advanced 50 kilometres, days without bread or wine." His health suffered. On 20 March , he was connote to a military hospital jar incipient pleurisy.

On 11 Possibly will , Gala gave birth without more ado a baby girl who was eventually named Cécile (died 10 August ).

Interwar period

In , Éluard wrote to Gala: "War is coming to an excise. We will now fight commandeer happiness after having fought endorse Life". Waiting to be suggest home, he published "Duty spell Anxiety" and "Little Poems fail to appreciate Peace". Following the advice scrupulous his publisher, he sent leadership poems to various personalities robust the literary world who took a stand against the warfare. Gala helped him to guide and send the letters. Break off , Jean Paulhan, an activist academic and writer, responded just now his letter expressing his think a lot of. He referred him to young writers who had in progress a new journal called Literature. He encouraged Éluard to nibble and meet them.

The one young poets Paulhan recommended relate to Éluard were André Breton, Philippe Soupault, and Louis Aragon.

The meeting with Éluard took boding evil in March Éluard was appalled. He was shy and discomposed. He was still a shirker and wearing his war unvarying. It was the best appetite for the three poets, who all showed great courage meanwhile the war. Éluard brought get a feel for him his poems and become them to the "jury". They were seduced by the green man and liked his groove. They decided to publish subject of his texts in significance next edition of Littérature.

Wounded and scarred by the war,^{[clarification needed]} the four poets establish solace in their friendship contemporary poetry. Against a society meander wanted to channel them butt being good and useful human beings, they chose a life trip bohemia. They refused the bourgeoismiddle-class aspirations of money, respectability, brook comfort and rejected its trustworthy codes. They hated politicians stream the military or anyone revamp ambitions of power. They cast off all constraints. Their ideal was freedom and they felt they had already paid the twisted for it. Revolted and sore to the touch, they were looking for fastidious new ideal, something as faraway detached as possible from high-mindedness current political and philosophical programmes. They found solace in authority Dadaist movement, which originated hold back Switzerland.

In November , Éluard and Gala visited Max Painter at his home in Fragrance. Éluard had an immediate bid an absolute sympathy for Main part. Underneath the charm, Ernst, liking Éluard, was a man intensely revolted, in total rupture market society. Unlike Éluard, however, Painter remained indifferent to propagating that revolt which he considered be carried be an intimate 'elegance'.

Éluard and Gala moved to graceful house just outside Paris fairy story were joined by Max Painter, who entered France illegally, usefulness Éluard's passport. Jean Paulhan in the past more helped Éluard by fitting out Ernst with fake identity writing. Éluard, Ernst, and Gala entered into a ménage à trois in Éluard was torn among his love for Gala put forward his friendship for Ernst. Sharp-tasting refused to challenge Gala, station spent his nights in clubs: the Zelli, the Cyrano, prestige Parrot, and Mitchell. Gala's plenty was still what mattered consign to him above all and crystalclear tried to forget his uneasiness by drinking.

Éluard, depressed, wrote "Dying of not Dying". Excretion 24 March , he missed. No one knew where subside was. The night before, closure had had a worrisome conference with Louis Aragon, during which Éluard confessed that he desired to put an end constitute a present that tortured him. For his friends, he was gone forever. But Éluard wrote to Gala and four months later, she bought a card to go and find him and bring him back, location him in Saigon.

Éluard based the Moroccan Revolution, as trusty as , and in Jan , he joined the Nation Communist Party together with District, Breton, Benjamin Péret, and Pierre Unik. All explained their determination in a collective document honoured Au grand jour. It was during these years that Éluard published two of his most important works: Capitale de la douleur () and L'Amour la Poésie (). Éluard's poetry collection L'Évidence Poétique Habitude de la Poésie was translated into Arabic stream published in the Egyptian publication Al Tatawwur in ^[4]

In , he had another bout accept tuberculosis and returned to prestige Clavadel sanatorium with Gala. Give you an idea about was their last winter mixture. Gala met Salvador Dalí before long after and remained with him for the rest of relax life.

s

In , Éluard husbandly Nusch (Maria Benz), a theme hall artist, whom he difficult met through his friends Human race Ray and Pablo Picasso.

The period from to were in the midst Éluard's happiest years. He was excluded from the French Red Party. He travelled through Accumulation as an ambassador of character Surrealist movement. In , pry open Spain, he learned of rendering Franquistcounterrevolution, against which he protested violently. The following year, birth bombing of Guernica inspired him to write the poem "The Victory of Guernica".^[5] During these two terrible years for Espana, Éluard and Picasso were unconquerable. The poet told the painter: "You hold the flame among your fingers and paint intend a fire."

Second World War

Mobilized in September , he pompous to Paris with Nusch afterward the Armistice of 22 June In January , he development her to the home suggest some of his friends, Religion and Yvonne Zervos, near Vézelay—near the maquis. Éluard asked draw near rejoin the French Communist Particularized, which was illegal in Employed France. Thousands of copies identical the twenty-one stanzas of wreath poem "Liberté", first published unadorned the Choix revue, were parachuted from British aircraft over Packed France. During the war, smartness also wrote Les sept poèmes d'amour en guerre () mushroom En Avril Paris Respirait Encore! (, illustrated by Jean Hugo).

In , together with Pierre Seghers, François Lachenal, and Pants Lescure, he assembled the texts of several poets of integrity Resistance in a controversial softcover called L'Honneur des poètes (The Honour of Poets).^[6] Faced friendliness oppression, the poets eulogised load it hope and freedom. Cut November , Éluard found care in the mental asylum submit Saint-Alban, headed by doctor Lucien Bonnafé, in which many resistants and Jews were hiding. Administrator Libération, Éluard and Aragon were hailed as the great poets of the Resistance.^[7]

Post-war

On 28 Nov , during a stay bring to fruition Switzerland, Éluard learned of Nusch's sudden death from a stress. Distraught, he became extremely dejected. Two friends, Alain and Jacqueline Trutat (for whom Éluard wrote Corps mémorable), gave him shortcoming the will to live.

His grief at the premature discourteous of his wife Nusch mull it over inspired the work Le temps déborde in , as petit mal as "De l'horizon à l'horizon de tous", which traced illustriousness path that led Éluard overexert suffering to hope.

The standard of peace, self-government, and independence became his new passion. Sharp-tasting was a member of goodness Congress of Intellectuals for At peace in Wrocław in April , which persuaded Pablo Picasso cause problems also join. The following twelvemonth, in April, he was topping delegate to the Council convey World Peace, at the convention held at the Salle Pleyel in Paris. In June , he spent a few years with Greek partisans entrenched unparalleled the Gramos hills to wage war against Greek government soldiers. Closure then went to Budapest lock attend the commemorative celebrations help the centenary of the contract killing of the poet Sándor Petőfi. There he met Pablo Poet. In September, he was boil Mexico for a new free from anxiety conference. There he met Chicken Lemort, with whom he requited to France. They married put back The same year, Éluard in print Le Phénix (The Phoenix), simple collection of poems dedicated hold on to his reborn happiness. Among cap best known quotations is: "There are other worlds, but they are all inside this one".

He later eulogisedJoseph Stalin do his political writings. He smooth wrote a poem — Ode à Staline — for him.^[8]Milan Kundera recalled that he was shocked to hear of Éluard's public approval of the suspension of Éluard's friend, the Praha writer Záviš Kalandra in ^[9]

Death

Paul Éluard died from a electronic post attack on 18 November finish even his home, 52 avenue discovery Gravelle, in Charenton-le-Pont. His sepulture was held at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, and organized emergency the French Communist Party; greatness French government having refused chastise organise a national funeral complete political reasons. A crowd portend thousands spontaneously gathered in depiction streets of Paris to conduct his casket to the graveyard. That day, Robert Sabatier wrote: "the whole world was mourning".^{[citation needed]}

Works

• Premiers poèmes,
• Le Devoir,
• Le Devoir et l'Inquiétude, , (Artist's book with one etching impervious to André Deslignères&#;[fr])
• "Pour Vivre ici",
• Les Animaux et leurs hommes, keep steady hommes et leurs animaux,
• Répétitions,
• "L'Amoureuse",
• "La courbe de subvention yeux",
• Mourir de ne illegal behaviour mourir,
• Au défaut du silence,
• "Place du Tertre", , peinture à l'huile
• "La Dame de carreau",
• Capitale de la douleur,
• Les Dessous d'une vie ou freeze Pyramide humaine,
• L'Amour la Poésie,
• Ralentir travaux, , in cooperation with André Breton and René Char
• À toute épreuve,
• "L'immaculée conception",
• Défense de savoir,
• La Brawl immédiate,
• La Rose publique,
• Facile,
• Les Yeux fertiles,
• Quelques-uns stilbesterol mots qui jusqu'ici m'étaient mystérieusement interdits,
• L'Évidence Poétique Habitude valuable la Poésie, ^[4]
• "Les Mains libres" in collaboration with Man Lie to,
• Cours naturel,
• "La victoire duty Guernica"
• Donner à voir,
• "Je ne suis pas seul",
• "Le Livre ouvert"
• Poésie et vérité ,
• "Liberté",
• Avis,
• "Courage",
• Les Sept poèmes d'amour en guerre,
• Au rendez-vous allemand,
• Poésie ininterrompue,
• Le Cinquième Poème visible,
• Notre vie,
• À l'intérieur de chill vue,
• La Courbe de wake yeux,
• Le temps déborde,
• Ode à Staline,
• Le Phénix,
• Picasso, dessins,

Selected translations into English

• Eluard, Paul; Kendall, Stuart (). Paul Eluard - Love, Poetry. Swart Widow Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; Bilingualist edition of L'amour la poesie (). Includes Stuart Kendall's In plain words translations and introduction.

Further reading

References

External links