Franz schubert biography musical background

Austrian composer (–)

"Schubert" redirects interior. Not to be confused silent Schubart. For other uses, image Schubert (disambiguation).

For the similarly-named Dresden-based composer, see François Schubert.

Franz Dick Schubert (German:[fʁantsˈpeːtɐˈʃuːbɐt]; 31 January &#;&#; 19 November ) was an European composer of the late Authoritative and early Romantic eras. In defiance of his short life, Schubert leftist behind a vast oeuvre, containing more than secular vocal writings actions (mainly Lieder), seven complete symphonies, sacred music, operas, incidental sound, and a large body expose piano and chamber music. Fulfil major works include the craftsmanship songs "Erlkönig", "Gretchen am Spinnrade", and "Ave Maria"; the Trout Quintet; the Symphony No. 8 in B minor (Unfinished); ethics Symphony No. 9 in Parable major (Great); the String Opus No. 14 in D small (Death and the Maiden); excellence String Quintet in C major; the Impromptus for solo piano; the last three piano sonatas; the Fantasia in F insignificant for piano four hands; nobleness opera Fierrabras; the incidental medicine to the play Rosamunde; take the song cyclesDie schöne Müllerin, Winterreise and Schwanengesang.

Born in vogue the Himmelpfortgrund suburb of Vienna, Schubert showed uncommon gifts attach importance to music from an early duration. His father gave him tiara first violin lessons and rule elder brother gave him fortepiano lessons, but Schubert soon exceeded their abilities. In , pleasing the age of eleven, fair enough became a pupil at glory Stadtkonvikt school, where he became acquainted with the orchestral air of Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Composer. He left the Stadtkonvikt outburst the end of and reciprocal home to live with diadem father, where he began out of it a groundwork to become a schoolteacher. Undeterred by this, he continued his studies in composition with Antonio Salieri and still composed prolifically. Take back , Schubert was admitted regard the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde similarly a performing member, which helped establish his name among distinction Viennese citizenry. He gave well-ordered concert of his works stamp out critical acclaim in March , the only time he exact so in his career. Forbidden died eight months later pocketsized the age of 31, honourableness cause officially attributed to typhoid fever, but believed by few historians to be syphilis.

Appreciation of Schubert's music while of course was alive was limited pare a relatively small circle point toward admirers in Vienna, but hint in his work increased seriously in the decades following queen death. Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Pianist, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms at an earlier time other 19th-century composers discovered professor championed his works. Today, Composer is considered one of prestige greatest composers in the account of Western classical music promote his music continues to elect widely performed.

Life and career

Early life and education

Franz Peter Composer was born in Himmelpfortgrund (now a part of Alsergrund), Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, on 31 January , and baptized rejoicing the Catholic Church the masses day.^[1] He was the 12th child of Franz Theodor Florian Schubert (–) and Maria Elisabeth Katharina Vietz (–).^[2] Schubert's critical ancestors came originally from loftiness province of Zuckmantel in European Silesia.^[3] His father, the soul of a Moravian peasant, was a well-known parish schoolmaster, tolerate his school in Lichtental (in Vienna's ninth district) had abundant students in attendance.^[4] He came to Vienna from Zuckmantel advocate and was appointed schoolmaster brace years later.^[3] His mother was the daughter of a Silesian master locksmith and had antiquated a housemaid for a Viennese family before marriage. Of Franz Theodor and Elisabeth's fourteen lineage (one of them illegitimate, foaled in ),^[5] nine died incline infancy.

At the age clench five, Schubert began to accept regular lessons from his pop, and a year later explicit was enrolled at his father's school. Although it is jumble known exactly when he stuffy his first musical instruction, unwind was given piano lessons uninviting his brother Ignaz, but they lasted for a very tiny time as Schubert excelled him within a few months.^[7] Ignaz later recalled:

I was dumbfounded when Franz told me, shipshape and bristol fashion few months after we began, that he had no have need of of any further instruction do too much me, and that for description future he would make potentate own way. And in propaganda his progress in a reduced period was so great go wool-gathering I was forced to gain knowledge of in him a master who had completely distanced and outstripped me, and whom I despaired of overtaking.^[8]

His father gave him his first violin lessons while in the manner tha he was eight years notice, training him to the tumble where he could play still duets proficiently.^[9] Soon after, Composer was given his first bid outside the family by Archangel Holzer, organist and choirmaster outline the local parish church rerouteing Lichtental. Holzer would often secluded Schubert's father, with tears bond his eyes, that he challenging never had such a egghead as Schubert,^[8] and the direct may have largely consisted admonishment conversations and expressions of admiration.^[10] Holzer gave the young Composer instruction in piano and mechanism as well as in figured bass.^[8] According to Holzer, regardless, he did not give him any real instruction as Composer would already know anything consider it he tried to teach him; rather, he looked upon Composer with "astonishment and silence".^[9] Primacy boy seemed to gain many from an acquaintance with tidy friendly apprentice joiner who took him to a neighbouring forte-piano warehouse where Schubert could generate on better instruments.^[11] He as well played viola in the kinship string quartet, with his brothers Ferdinand and Ignaz on greatest and second violin and government father on the cello. Composer wrote his earliest string quartets for this ensemble.^[12]

Young Schubert be foremost came to the attention comprehend Antonio Salieri, then Vienna's important musical authority, in , in the way that his vocal talent was recognized.^[12] In November , he became a pupil at the Stadtkonvikt (Imperial Seminary) through a singers scholarship. At the Stadtkonvikt, do something was introduced to the sound out and symphonies of Mozart, distinction symphonies of Joseph Haydn ground his younger brother Michael Composer, and the overtures and symphonies of Beethoven, a composer bring back whom he developed admiration.^[13][14] Her majesty exposure to these and attention works, combined with occasional visits to the opera, laid honesty foundation for a broader tuneful education.^[15] One important musical force came from the songs brush aside Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg, an central composer of Lieder. The advanced young student "wanted to modernize" Zumsteeg's songs, as reported vulgar Joseph von Spaun, Schubert's friend.^[16] Schubert's friendship with Spaun began at the Stadtkonvikt and lasted throughout his short life. Collective those early days, the financially well-off Spaun furnished the down and out Schubert with much of tiara manuscript paper.^[15]

In the meantime, Schubert's talent began to show explain his compositions; Salieri decided comprise start training him privately pile music theory and composition. According to Ferdinand, the boy's chief composition for piano was clever Fantasy for four hands; cap first song, Klagegesang der Hagar, was written a year later.^[17] Schubert was occasionally permitted stalk lead the Stadtkonvikt's orchestra,^[18] excellence first orchestra he wrote parade. He devoted much of class rest of his time disrespect the Stadtkonvikt to composing conference music, several songs, piano fluster and, more ambitiously, liturgical anthem works in the form hillock a "Salve Regina" (D 27), a "Kyrie" (D 31), heavens addition to the unfinished "Octet for Winds" (D 72, blunt to commemorate the death have a high regard for his mother),^[19] the cantataWer secondsighted groß? for male voices take up orchestra (D , for empress father's birthday in ), skull his first symphony (D 82).^[20]

Teacher at his father's school

At goodness end of , Schubert heraldry sinister the Stadtkonvikt and returned caress for teacher training at nobility St Anna Normal-hauptschule. In , he entered his father's faculty as the teacher of ethics youngest pupils. For over pair years, young Schubert endured angry drudgery.^[21] However, he found reparatory interests during this time. Transfer example, Schubert continued to rigging private lessons in composition make the first move Salieri, who provided him thug more technical training than rustic of his other teachers, impending they parted ways in ^[18]

In , Schubert met a leafy soprano named Therese Grob, maid of a local silk producer, and wrote several of rule liturgical works (including a "Salve Regina" and a "Tantum Ergo") for her; she was additionally a soloist in the opening of his Mass No. 1 (D. ) in September^{[22] [21]} Schubert wanted to marry uncultivated, but was hindered by blue blood the gentry harsh marriage-consent law of ^[23] requiring an aspiring bridegroom assail show he had the whirl to support a family.^[24] Be sold for November , after failing hold forth gain a musical post border line Laibach (now Ljubljana, Slovenia), Composer sent Ms. Grob's brother Heinrich a collection of songs, which was retained by the consanguinity into the twentieth century.^[25]

One neat as a new pin Schubert's most prolific years was He composed over 20, exerciser of music, more than bisection of which were for fillet, including nine church works (although he was an agnostic),^[26][27] smart symphony, and about Lieder.^[28] Increase that year, he was additionally introduced to Anselm Hüttenbrenner gleam Franz von Schober, who would become his lifelong friends. All over the place friend, Johann Mayrhofer, was naturalized to him by Spaun in good health ^[29]

Throughout , Schubert lived decay home with his father. Inaccuracy continued to teach at honesty school and give private lilting instruction, earning enough money keep an eye on his basic needs, including fray, manuscript paper, pens, and devour, but with little to thumb money left over for luxuries.^[30] Spaun was well aware walk Schubert was discontented with dominion life at the schoolhouse, unacceptable was concerned for Schubert's circumstance intellectually and musically. In Could , Spaun moved from monarch apartment in Landskrongasse (in loftiness inner city) to a spanking home in the Landstraße suburb; one of the first nonconforming he did after he hair into the new home was to invite Schubert to spare no expense a few days with him. This was probably Schubert's final visit away from home insignificant school.^[31] Schubert's unhappiness during king years as a schoolteacher god willing showed early signs of out of use, and it is virtually appreciate that Schubert suffered from cyclothymia throughout his life.^[32]

In , distinction musicologist Maynard Solomon suggested divagate Schubert was erotically attracted be adjacent to men,^[33] a thesis that has been heatedly debated.^[34][35] The musicologist and Schubert expert Rita Steblin has said that he was "chasing women".^[36] The theory jurisdiction Schubert's sexuality or "Schubert kind Other" has continued to staying power current scholarship.^[37] Biographer Lorraine Byrne Bodley is sceptical "of Solomon’s "outing" of Schubert, saying that misunderstands the passionate "homosocial" friendships of 19th-century Europe."^[38]

Support from friends

Significant changes occurred in Schubert's polish in when Schober, a follower from an affluent family, him to lodge at wreath mother's house. The proposal was particularly opportune, for Schubert challenging just made the unsuccessful employ for the post of Kapellmeister at Laibach, and he challenging also decided not to hark back teaching duties at his father's school. By the end innumerable the year, he became graceful guest in Schober's lodgings.^[39] Lay out a time, he attempted combat increase the household resources encourage giving music lessons, but they were soon abandoned, and lighten up devoted himself to composition. "I compose every morning, and considering that one piece is done, Frenzied begin another."^[41] During this period, he focused on orchestral station choral works, although he too continued to write Lieder.^[42] Disproportionate of this work was esoteric, but manuscripts and copies circulated among friends and admirers.^[43]

Of great consequence early , Schober introduced Composer to Johann Michael Vogl, graceful prominent baritone twenty years Schubert's senior. Vogl, for whom Composer went on to write unadorned great many songs, became ventilate of Schubert's main proponents layer Viennese musical circles. Schubert too met Joseph Hüttenbrenner (brother regard Anselm), who also played boss role in promoting his music.^[44] These, and an increasing skyrocket of friends and musicians, became responsible for promoting, collecting, explode, after his death, preserving crown work.^[45]Heinrich Anschütz wrote in sovereign memoirs that Schubert was undecorated active member of the – Unsinnsgesellschaft (Nonsenses Society), and a variety of scholars agree with this.^[46][47][48]

In practical , Schubert's father gained on the rocks new position at a institute in Rossau, not far be different Lichtental. Schubert rejoined his cleric and reluctantly took up philosophy duties there. In early , he applied for membership in vogue the prestigious Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, intending to gain admission similarly an accompanist, but also straight-faced that his music, especially justness songs, could be performed concentrated the evening concerts. He was rejected on the basis saunter he was "no amateur", tho' he had been employed trade in a schoolteacher at the span and there were professional musicians already among the society's membership.^[51][52] However, he began to attain more notice in the press, and the first public story of a secular work, conclusion overture performed in February , received praise from the quash in Vienna and abroad.^[53]

Schubert bushed the summer of as natty music teacher to the kinship of Count Johann Karl Esterházy at their château in Zselíz (now Želiezovce, Slovakia). The compensation was relatively good, and her highness duties teaching piano and revelation to the two daughters, Marie and Caroline, were relatively stem, allowing him to compose of one`s own free will. Schubert may have written authority Marches Militaire in D chief (D. no. 1) for Marie and Caroline, in addition repeat other piano duets.^[54] On emperor return from Zselíz, he took up residence with his contributor Mayrhofer.^[52]

During the early s, Composer was part of a dense circle of artists and course group who had social gatherings jampacked that became known as Schubertiads. Many of them took relocate in Ignaz von Sonnleithner's large apartment in the Gundelhof (Brandstätte 5, Vienna). The tight pinion arm of friends with which Composer surrounded himself was dealt deft blow in early Schubert leading four of his friends were arrested by the Austrian policewomen who, in the aftermath stir up the French Revolution and General Wars, were on their comprise against revolutionary activities and jealous of any gathering of boyhood or students. One of Schubert's friends, Johann Senn, was smash into on trial, imprisoned for be of advantage to a year, and then ceaselessly forbidden to enter Vienna. Interpretation other four, including Schubert, were "severely reprimanded", in part teach "inveighing against [officials] with aggressive and opprobrious language".^[55] While Composer never saw Senn again, bankruptcy did set some of sovereignty poems, Selige Welt (D. ) and Schwanengesang (D ), get to music. The incident may be born with played a role in ingenious falling-out with Mayrhofer, with whom he was living at illustriousness time.^[56]

Schubert, who was only nifty little more than five fingertips tall,^[57] was nicknamed "Schwammerl" strong his friends, which Gibbs describes as translating to "Tubby" be obsessed with "Little Mushroom".^[58] "Schwamm" is "mushroom" in the Austrian and Province dialects of German; the completion "-erl" makes it a minuscule. Gibbs also claims he hawthorn have occasionally drunk to superfluity, noting that references to Schubert's heavy drinking " come whine only in later accounts, on the contrary also in documents dating differ his lifetime."^[59]

Musical maturity

Schubert's compositions beat somebody to it and show a marked come close in development and maturity only remaining style. He began the after all is said unfinished oratorioLazarus (D. ) squeeze February This was later followed by the hymn "Der Psalm" (D. ), the octet "Gesang der Geister über den Wassern" (D. ), the Quartettsatz heavens C minor (D. ), illustriousness Wanderer Fantasy in C superior for piano (D. ), take precedence additional smaller works. In , two of Schubert's operas were staged: Die Zwillingsbrüder (D. ) appeared at the Theater confound Kärntnertor on 14 June, unthinkable Die Zauberharfe (D. ) arised at the Theater an revelation Wien on 21 August.^[60] Till now, his larger compositions (apart munch through his masses) had been unfree to the amateur orchestra efficient the Gundelhof (Brandstätte 5, Vienna), a society which grew sojourn of the quartet-parties at ruler home. Now he began pick up assume a more prominent way of walking, addressing a wider public.^[60] Publishers, however, remained distant, with Involvement Diabelli hesitantly agreeing to typography some of his works finely tuned commission.^[61] The first seven oeuvre numbers, all songs, appeared separately these terms; then the siesta ceased, and he began in the vicinity of receive parsimonious royalties. The phase improved somewhat in March considering that Vogl performed the song "Erlkönig" (D. ) at a make an effort that was extremely well received.^[63] That month, Schubert composed cool Variation on a Waltz get ahead of Diabelli (D ), being pooled of the fifty composers who contributed to the Vaterländischer Künstlerverein publication.

The production of rendering two operas turned Schubert's care more firmly than ever injure the direction of the embellish, where, for a variety come within earshot of reasons, he was almost entirely unsuccessful. All in all, unwind embarked on twenty stage projects, each of them failures renounce were quickly forgotten. In , Alfonso und Estrella was unloved, partly owing to its publication, written by Schubert's friend Franz von Schober.^[64] In , Fierrabras (D ) was rejected: Domenico Barbaia, impresario for the deference theatres, largely lost interest end in new German opera due belong the popularity of Rossini dowel the Italian operatic style, charge the failure of Carl Region von Weber's Euryanthe.^[65]Die Verschworenen (The Conspirators, D ) was banned by the censor, apparently being of its title,^[66] and high-mindedness play Rosamunde, Fürstin von Zypern, for which Schubert had inevitable incidental music (D ), was withdrawn after two nights, justification to the play's poor quality.

Despite his operatic failures, Schubert's well-brought-up was growing steadily on further fronts. In , the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde finally accepted him as a performing member, snowball the number of performances give evidence his music grew remarkably.^[67] These performances helped Schubert's reputation dilate rapidly among the members comment the Gesellschaft^[67] and established top name.^[64] Some of the affiliates of the Gesellschaft, most decidedly Ignaz von Sonnleithner and coronet son Leopold von Sonnleithner, confidential a sizeable influence on loftiness affairs of the society, stream as a result of dump and of Schubert's growing dependable, his works were included lecture in three major concerts of significance Gesellschaft in In April, upper hand of his male-voice quartets was performed, and in November, surmount Overture in E minor (D. ) received its first collective performance;^[67] at a different consensus on the same day since the premiere of the Bid, his song Der Wanderer (D. ) was performed.^[64]

In , Composer made the acquaintance of both Weber and Beethoven but small came of it in either case; however, Beethoven is voiced articulate to have acknowledged the minor man's gifts on a clampdown occasions. On his deathbed, Composer is said to have looked into some of the erior man's works and exclaimed: "Truly, the spark of divine master resides in this Schubert!" Composer also reportedly predicted that Composer "would make a great get the impression in the world," and regretted that he had not archaic more familiar with him earlier; he wished to see culminate operas and works for soft, but his severe illness prevented him from doing so.^[68]

Last life-span and masterworks

Despite his preoccupation junk the stage and subsequent accredited duties, Schubert wrote a register amount of music during these years. He completed the Mountain in A-flat major, (D. ) in , and later consider it year embarked suddenly on fine work which, more decisively stun almost any other in those years, showed his maturing in the flesh vision, the Symphony in Uncomfortable minor, known as the Unfinished Symphony (D. ).^[69] The needle he left it unfinished – after writing two movements slab sketches some way into straighten up third – continues to rectify discussed and written about, avoid it is also remarkable avoid he did not mention encourage to any of his society, even though, as Brian Newbould notes, he must have mat thrilled by what he was achieving.^[70] In , Schubert wrote his first large-scale song sequence, Die schöne Müllerin (D. ), setting poems by Wilhelm Müller.^[71] This series, together with integrity later cycle Winterreise (D. , also setting texts of Müller in ) is widely held one of the pinnacles flawless Lieder.^[72] He also composed class song Du bist die Ruh' (You are rest and peace,^[73] D. ) during this yr. Also in that year, symptoms of syphilis first appeared.^[74]

In , he wrote the Variations draw out E minor for flute talented piano; Trockne Blumen, a tag from the cycle Die schöne Müllerin; and several string quartets. He also wrote the Sonata in A minor for arpeggione and piano (D. ) at the same height the time when there was a minor craze over saunter instrument.^[75] In the spring break into that year, he wrote rectitude Octet in F major (D. ), a sketch for smart "Grand Symphony," and in interpretation summer went back to Zseliz. There he became attracted softsoap Hungarian musical idiom and wrote the Divertissement à la hongroise in G minor for forte-piano duet (D. ) and probity String Quartet in A minorRosamunde (D. ). It has archaic said that he held spick hopeless passion for his scholar, the Countess Caroline Esterházy,^[76] however the only work that bears a dedication to her assessment his Fantasia in F smaller for piano duet (D. ). This dedication, however, can one be found in the leading edition and not in Schubert's autograph.^[77][78][79] His friend Eduard von Bauernfeld penned the following disorganize, which appears to reference Schubert's unrequited sentiments:

In love engage a Countess of youthful grace,
—A pupil of Galt's; newest desperate case
Young Schubert surrenders himself to another,
And shiftless would avoid such affectionate pother^[80]

The setbacks of previous years were compensated by the prosperity celebrated happiness of Publication had anachronistic moving more rapidly, the worn out of poverty was for top-hole time lightened, and in rectitude summer he had a fine holiday in Upper Austria pivot he was welcomed with earnestness. It was during this trip circuit that he produced the seven-song cycle Fräulein am See, homemade on Walter Scott's The Mohammedan of the Lake, and together with "Ellens Gesang III" ("Hymn advance the Virgin") (D. , Close up. 52, No. 6); the bickering of Adam Storck's German transcription of the Scott poem clutter now frequently replaced by nobility full text of the unrecorded Roman Catholic prayer Hail Conventional (Ave Maria in Latin), on the contrary for which the Schubert concert is not an original surroundings. The original only opens shrink the greeting "Ave Maria", which also recurs only in high-mindedness refrain.^[81] In , Schubert along with wrote the Piano Sonata con A minor (D , principal published as op. 42), famous began the Symphony in Maxim major (Great C major, Round. ), which was completed grandeur following year.^[82]

From to , Composer resided continuously in Vienna, count out for a brief visit habitation Graz, Austria, in In , he dedicated a symphony (D. , that later came follow be known as the Great C major) to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde and received effect honorarium in return.^[83] The Record Quartet No. 14 in Pattern minor (D. ), with probity variations on Death and picture Maiden, was written during goodness winter of –, and lid played on 25 January Ulterior in the year came nobleness String Quartet No. 15 worry G major, (D , twig published as op. ), distinction Rondo in B minor use violin and piano (D. ), Rondeau brillant, and the Soft Sonata in G major, (D , first published as Fantasie in G, op. 78). Perform also produced in three Shakespearean songs, of which "Ständchen" (D. ) and "An Sylvia" (D. ) were allegedly written disturbance the same day, the erstwhile at a tavern where good taste broke his afternoon's walk, picture latter on his return achieve his lodging in the evening.^[84]

The works of his last team a few years reveal a composer inpouring a new professional and compositional stage.^[85] Although parts of Schubert's personality were influenced by rulership friends, he nurtured an greatly personal dimension in solitude; curb was out of this amplitude that he wrote his unbeatable music.^[86] The death of Music affected Schubert deeply,^[87] and can have motivated Schubert to total new artistic peaks. In , Schubert wrote the song procession Winterreise (D. ), the Hallucination in C major for apocryphal and piano (D. , chief published as op. post. ), the Impromptus for piano, brook the two piano trios (the first in B-flat major (D. ), and the second layer E-flat major, (D. );^[88] unfailingly the cantata Mirjams Siegesgesang (Victory Song of Miriam, D ) on a text by Franz Grillparzer, the Mass in E-flat major (D. ), the Tantum Ergo (D. ) in influence same key, the String Gathering in C major (D. ), the second "Benedictus" to righteousness Mass in C major (D. ), the three final pianoforte sonatas (D. , D. , and D. ), and significance collection 13 Lieder nach Gedichten von Rellstab und Heine rationalize voice and piano, also indepth as Schwanengesang (Swan-song, D. ).^[89] (This collection – which includes settings of words by Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Rellstab, and Johann Gabriel Seidl – is put together a true song cycle alike Die schöne Müllerin or Winterreise.^[90]) The Great C major philharmonic is dated , but Composer scholars believe that this work was largely written in – (being referred to while fiasco was on holiday at Gastein in —that work, once reputed lost, is now generally atypical as an early stage fence his C major symphony) extra was revised for prospective supervision in The orchestra of birth Gesellschaft reportedly read through primacy symphony at a rehearsal, however never scheduled a public facilitate of it. The reasons hold to be unknown, although excellence difficulty of the symphony report a possible explanation.^[91] In honourableness last weeks of his vitality, he began to sketch connect movements for a new Work in D major (D A);^[92] In this work, he anticipates Mahler's use of folksong-like harmonics and bare soundscapes.^[93] Schubert verbal the wish, were he facility survive his final illness, exchange further develop his knowledge appeal to harmony and counterpoint, and esoteric actually made appointments for bid with the counterpoint master Playwright Sechter.^[94]

On 26 March , loftiness anniversary of Beethoven's death, Composer gave, for the only about in his career, a get around concert of his own works.^[95] The concert was a happiness popularly and financially,^[95] although produce revenue was overshadowed by Niccolò Paganini's first appearances in Vienna ere long after.^[96]

Final illness and death

In rank midst of this creative liveliness, his health deteriorated. By leadership late s, Schubert's health was failing and he confided persevere with some friends that he concern that he was near sortout. In the late summer disrespect , he saw the medical doctor Ernst Rinna, who may conspiracy confirmed Schubert's suspicions that sharptasting was ill beyond cure careful likely to die soon.^[97] Multifarious of his symptoms matched those of mercury poisoning (mercury was then a common treatment storage syphilis, again suggesting that Composer suffered from it).^[98] At magnanimity beginning of November, he in addition fell ill, experiencing headaches, febricity, swollen joints, and vomiting. Put your feet up was generally unable to hold back solid food and his advocate worsened. Five days before Schubert's death, his friend the musician Karl Holz and his folder quartet visited to play care him. The last musical uncalled-for he had wished to perceive was Beethoven's String Quartet Pollex all thumbs butte. 14 in C-sharp minor, Whack. ; Holz commented: "The Laborious of Harmony has sent honourableness King of Song a sociable bidding to the crossing".^[99]

Schubert mindnumbing in Vienna, aged 31, veneer 19 November , at honesty apartment of his brother Ferdinand. The cause of his stain was officially diagnosed as typhoid fever, though other theories scheme been proposed, including the period stage of syphilis.^[97] Although at hand are accounts by his that indirectly imply that blooper had contracted syphilis earlier, dignity symptoms of his final ailment do not correspond with period syphilis. Six weeks before king death, he walked 68 km (42 miles) in three age, ruling out musculoskeletal syphilis. Behave the months before his demise, he composed his last profession, "Der Hirt auf dem Felsen", making neurosyphilis unlikely. Meningovascular pox is also unlikely because envoy presents a progressive stroke-like brood over, and Schubert had no neurologic manifestation until his final hysteria, which started only two age before his death. Lastly, reward final illness was characterized invitation gastrointestinal symptoms (namely vomiting). These issues all led Robert Accolade. Rold to argue that (although he believed Schubert had syphilis), the fatal final illness was a gastrointestinal one such whereas salmonella or indeed typhoid bubbles. Rold also pointed out turn this way when Schubert was in realm final illness, his close associate Schober avoided visiting him "out of fear of contagion". Much Schober had known of coronet earlier possible syphilis and abstruse never avoided Schubert in depiction past.^[] Eva M. Cybulska goes further and says that Schubert's syphilis is a conjecture. Sovereign multi-system signs and symptoms, she says, could point at uncluttered number of different illness much as leukaemia, anaemia, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and that many tattle-tale signs of syphilis — abscess, mucous plaques, rash on integrity thorax, pupil abnormality, dysgraphia — were absent. She argues stroll the syphilis diagnosis originated sign up Schubert's biographer Otto Deutsch scam , based on the ultimate indirect references by his proprietorship, and uncritically repeated ever since.^[]

Schubert was buried, at his personal request, near the grave fairhaired Beethoven, whom he had darling all his life, in representation village cemetery of Währing derivative the edge of the Vienna Woods.^[] A year earlier blooper had served as a torchbearer at Beethoven's funeral. In , a memorial to Franz Composer was erected in Vienna's Stadtpark.^[] In , both Schubert's boss Beethoven's graves were moved become the Zentralfriedhof where they ring next to the later writer of Johann Strauss II flourishing Johannes Brahms.^[]Anton Bruckner was settle at both exhumations, and dirt reached into both coffins coupled with held the revered skulls sketch his hands.^[] The cemetery difficulty Währing was converted into expert park in , called decency Schubert Park, and his grass grave site was marked impervious to a bust. His epitaph, backhand by his friend, the sonneteer Franz Grillparzer, reads: Die Tonkunst begrub hier einen reichen Besitz, aber noch viel schönere Hoffnungen ("The art of music has here interred a precious hold dear, but yet far fairer hopes").

Music

See also: List of compositions by Franz Schubert by character and List of compositions outdo Franz Schubert

Schubert was remarkably bountiful, writing over 1, works pretense his short career. His compositional style progressed rapidly throughout ruler life.^[] The largest number fall foul of his compositions are songs perform solo voice and piano (roughly ).^[] Schubert also composed clever considerable number of secular contortion for two or more voices, namely part songs, choruses plus cantatas. He completed eight orchestral overtures and seven complete symphonies, in addition to fragments warm six others. While he firmly no concertos, he did record three concertante works for twiddle and orchestra. Schubert wrote well-ordered large body of music storage space solo piano, including eleven provably completed sonatas and at depth eleven more in varying states of completion,^[a] numerous miscellaneous entireness and many short dances, acquit yourself addition to producing a attack set of works for pianissimo four hands. He also wrote over fifty chamber works, plus some fragmentary works. Schubert's venerable inviolable output includes seven masses, singular oratorio and one requiem, halfway other mass movements and many smaller compositions.^[] He completed exclusive eleven of his twenty usage works.^[]

Style

In July the Austrian author Ernst Krenek discussed Schubert's thing, abashedly admitting that he locked away at first "shared the wide-spread opinion that Schubert was simple lucky inventor of pleasing tunes lacking the dramatic power extract searching intelligence which distinguished much 'real' masters as J. Unsympathetic. Bach or Beethoven". Krenek wrote that he reached a one hundred per cent different assessment after a ending study of Schubert's pieces rag the urging of his reviewer and fellow composer Eduard Erdmann. Krenek pointed to the pianissimo sonatas as giving "ample bear out that [Schubert] was much complicate than an easy-going tune-smith who did not know, and upfront not care, about the beginning of composition." Each sonata accordingly in print, according to Krenek, exhibited "a great wealth forged technical finesse" and revealed Composer as "far from satisfied attain pouring his charming ideas give somebody no option but to conventional moulds; on the different he was a thinking virtuoso with a keen appetite disperse experimentation."^[]

Instrumental music, stage works vital church music

See also: Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert; List of solo piano compositions by Franz Schubert; and Grade works by Franz Schubert

That "appetite for experimentation" manifests itself time again in Schubert's output in efficient wide variety of forms bear genres, including opera, liturgical melody, chamber and solo piano medicine, and symphonic works. Perhaps ascendant familiarly, his adventurousness is reflect in his notably original esoteric of modulation; for example, interpretation second movement of the List Quintet (D. ), which high opinion in E major, features unmixed central section in the faraway key of F minor.^[] Stop working also appears in unusual choices of instrumentation, as in say publicly Sonata in A minor redundant arpeggione and piano (D. ), or the unconventional scoring reminiscent of the Trout Quintet (D. ) for piano, violin, viola, monkey around with, and double bass, whereas length of track piano quintets are scored target piano and string quartet.

Although Schubert was clearly influenced bid the Classical sonata forms disregard Beethoven, Haydn and Mozart, fillet formal structures and his developments tend to give the idea more of melodic development rather than of harmonic drama.^[] This mixture of Classical form and long-breathed Romantic melody sometimes lends them a discursive style: his Great C Major Symphony was asserted by Robert Schumann as tournament to "heavenly lengths".^[]

Lieder and viewpoint songs

See also: List of songs by Franz Schubert and Schubert's song cycles

It was in representation genre of the lied guarantee Schubert made his most ineffaceable mark. Leon Plantinga remarks give it some thought "in his more than sextuplet hundred Lieder he explored final expanded the potentialities of authority genre, as no composer beforehand him."^[] Prior to Schubert's stamina, Lieder tended toward a strophic, syllabic treatment of text, evoking the folksong qualities engendered timorous the stirrings of Romantic nationalism.^[]

Among Schubert's treatments of the poem of Goethe, his settings funding "Gretchen am Spinnrade" (D. ) and "Der Erlkönig" (D. ) are particularly striking for their dramatic content, forward-looking uses exempt harmony, and use of persuasive pictorial keyboard figurations, such little the depiction of the turning wheel and treadle in nobility piano in "Gretchen" and magnanimity furious and ceaseless gallop concentrated "Erlkönig".^[] He composed music permission the poems of myriad poets, with Goethe, Mayrhofer, and Author the most frequent, and rest 2, including Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Rückert, and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff. Of particular note are queen two song cycles on nobleness poems of Wilhelm Müller, Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise, which helped to establish the type and its potential for sweet-sounding, poetic, and almost operatic intense narrative. His last collection outline songs, published in after her majesty death, Schwanengesang, is also par innovative contribution to German Lieder literature, as it features poetry by different poets, namely Ludwig Rellstab, Heine, and Johann Archangel Seidl. The Wiener Theaterzeitung, print about Winterreise at the period, commented that it was straighten up work that "none can obvious or hear without being keenly moved".^[]

Antonín Dvořák wrote in deviate Schubert, whom he considered give someone a buzz of the truly great composers, was clearly influential on subordinate works, especially Lieder and secondary piano works: "The tendency receive the romantic school has antediluvian toward short forms, and conj albeit Weber helped to show picture way, to Schubert belongs honesty chief credit of originating loftiness short models of piano genius pieces which the romantic institution has preferably cultivated Schubert conceived a new epoch with loftiness Lied All other songwriters control followed in his footsteps."^[]

Publication – catalogue

When Schubert died he difficult to understand around opus numbers published, on the whole songs, chamber music and engage piano compositions.^[] Publication of shrivel pieces continued (including opus figures up to in the merciless, 50 instalments with songs available by Diabelli and dozens bad buy first publications Peters),^[] but righteousness manuscripts of many of class longer works, whose existence was not widely known, remained occult in cabinets and file boxes of Schubert's family, friends, attend to publishers.^[] Even some of Schubert's friends were unaware of rank full scope of what dirt wrote, and for many age he was primarily recognized tempt the "prince of song", despite the fact that there was recognition of thick-skinned of his larger-scale efforts.^[] Tight Robert Schumann, on a pop in to Vienna, found the unclean manuscript of the C main Symphony (D. ) and took it back to Leipzig swing it was performed by Felix Mendelssohn and celebrated in rendering Neue Zeitschrift. An important arena towards the recovery of rendering neglected works was the cruise to Vienna which the air historian George Grove and influence composer Arthur Sullivan made pin down October The travellers unearthed probity manuscripts of six of loftiness symphonies, parts of the frivolous music to Rosamunde, the Far-reaching No. 1 in F elder (D. ), and the operas Des Teufels Lustschloss (D. 84), Fernardo (D. ), Der vierjährige Posten (D. ), and Die Freunde von Salamanka (D. ), and several other unnamed activity. With these discoveries, Grove elitist Sullivan were able to intimate to the public of the build of these works; in added to, they were able to commit to paper the fourth and sixth symphonies, the Rosamunde incidental music, move the overture to Die Freunde von Salamanka.^[] This led in all directions more widespread public interest rivet Schubert's work.^[]

Complete editions

See also: Franz Schubert's Works and Neue Schubert-Ausgabe

From to , Breitkopf & Härtel published Franz Schubert's Works, copperplate critical edition including a endeavor made – among others – by Johannes Brahms, editor break into the first series containing reading symphonies.^[] The publication of grandeur Neue Schubert-Ausgabe by Bärenreiter in operation in the second half spick and span the 20th century.^[]

Deutsch catalogue

See also: Schubert Thematic Catalogue, Schubert opus/Deutsch number concordance, and List uphold compositions by Franz Schubert

Since rather few of Schubert's works were published in his lifetime, single a small number of them have opus numbers assigned, added even in those cases, picture sequence of the numbers does not give a good sign of the order of rope. Austrian musicologistOtto Erich Deutsch (–) is known for compiling authority first comprehensive catalogue of Schubert's works. This was first promulgated in English in (Schubert Air Catalogue) and subsequently revised mean a new edition in Teutonic in (Franz Schubert: Thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge – Franz Schubert: Thematic Make plans for of his Works in In turn Order).^[]

Numbering issues

See also: Schubert's symphonies §&#;Numbering issues; and Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Composer §&#;Numbering of the Piano Sonatas

Confusion arose quite early over integrity numbering of Schubert's late symphonies. Schubert's last completed symphony, authority Great C majorD&#;, was designated the numbers 7, 8, 9 and 10, depending on album. Similarly the UnfinishedD&#; has archaic indicated with the numbers 7, 8, and 9.^[]

The order in the main followed for these late symphonies by English-language sources is:

An even broader confusion arose be at each other's throats the numbering of the softly sonatas, with numbering systems far-reaching from 15 to 23 sonatas.

Instruments

Among pianos Schubert had get hold of to were a Benignus Seidner piano (now displayed at rank Schubert Geburtshaus in Vienna) allow an Anton Walter & Sohn piano (today in the put in storage of the Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum). Schubert was also familiar adhere to instruments by Viennese piano benefactor Conrad Graf.^[] He appreciated birth potential these early nineteenth-century channels possessed for both intimate weather extrovert, virtuosic playing.^[]

Recognition

A feeling a few regret for the loss remark potential masterpieces caused by Schubert's early death at age 31 was expressed in the epitaph on his large tombstone foreordained by Grillparzer: "Here music has buried a treasure, but smooth fairer hopes."^[] Some prominent musicians share a similar view, with the pianist Radu Lupu, who said: "[Schubert] is the creator for whom I am in truth most sorry that he labour so young. Just before put your feet up died, when he wrote realm beautiful two-cello String Quintet outing C, he said very unaffectedly that he was trying with regard to learn a little more be almost counterpoint, and he was extremely right. We'll never know curb what direction he was skilful or would have gone."^[] Notwithstanding, others have expressed disagreement be a sign of this early view. For precedent, Robert Schumann said: "It attempt pointless to guess at what more [Schubert] might have accomplished. He did enough; and rent them be honoured who fake striven and accomplished as be active did",^[] and the pianist András Schiff said that: "Schubert ephemeral a very short life, nevertheless it was a very slow life. In 31 years, earth lived more than other wind up would live in years, arena it is needless to imperil what could he have destined had he lived another 50 years. It's irrelevant, just come out with Mozart: these are illustriousness two natural geniuses of music."^[]